Tackling levels of ammonia in backyard flocks


Managing levels of ammonia is generally considered a secondary problem when raising poultry
but it can have significant impacts on the quality of life and productivity of the birds. Ammonia can cause contact injuries and secondary infections
,according to Dr Pitesky, a UC Davis poultry vet
Many of the ammonia-related diseases are difficult to treat, or have no treatment what so ever and Prolonged exposure to ammonia can also reduce meat quality while raising birds
The background
concentration in poultry households is exacerbated by environmental conditions , such as high temperatures and humidity. Other variables, such as ventilation and stocking
depth, also influence it
Monitoring ammonia levels is an issue throughout the year but spikes tend to occur in the fall and winter. This is usually due to the more moisture in the
surrounding environment and because the cold weather discourages poultry keepers from fully ventilating chicken coops
exceed 20 to 25 ppm, the birds may become more susceptible to respiratory diseases such as airsacculitis and infectious bronchitis. The birds could also develop compromised immune systems from the additional environmental stress, according to Pitesky.In addition, chickens housed under these conditions would need more feed to
sustain their productivity
Extended exposure to this amount of ammonia may also negatively impact the quality of the meat in slaughter. For certain cases, the carcases will have lung and
gut infections and will be "condemned," which ensures they can not be passed on to customers
If ammonia levels reach up to 50 ppm (the level at which human eyes begin to tear), chickens will quickly develop corneal ulcers and other vision problems. They may also
have contact burns and footpad problems. If the concentrations of ammonia reach this level, Pitesky encourages poultry keepers to immediately ventilate their coops and
remove any dirty litter
What to look out for
Pitesky says listeners can have an toxic ammonia buildup without noticing it. Backyard keepers should monitor their birds to see if the behavior or productivity
changes at flock level
When backyard keepers have some issues with ammonia, their birds typically experience first contact dermatitis and then present problems with their feet and eyes. It is
possible to treat contact dermatitis and skin lesions by scanning for red and irritated skin patches. Pitesky tells listeners to look for areas where feathers
appear to have been rubbed away. Where the birds are exposed to long-term ammonia,The irritated patches could become infectious ulcers or burns. Pitesky and Schneider recommend regular checking of the birds' footpads to keep ahead of any ammonia problems. Issue with the Footpad can be subtle.
They seem to be ranked on a scale of 1 to 5 , and gradually advance
If you see small cuts or lesions, or if the skin begins to thicken (hyperkeratosis) on their footpads, the ammonia levels can increase. The birds can develop
infections of the skin, and ulcers of the keel bone. Chickens may also get contact burns from ammonia on their feet and legs. Poultry keepers will consider when
the birds are feeling happy on perches or roosting
Exposure to ammonia can be catastrophic for birds' eyes. Long contact with the compound can cause corneal ulcers and tears, which can ultimately lead to
infection or even blindness. Keepers should look for any changes in the morphology of the eyes of the chickens and consult with a vet if any problems arise
Keeping the coop ventilated
and trial and error
In Pitesky 's view it can be a balancing act to keep the coop ventilated. Poultry keepers must achieve good flow of air to spread the ammonia without exposing
chickens to the elements, pests or predators
To do this, Pitesky and Schneider recommend fixing any air and water leaks in the coop. They also recommend creating an air flow with a fan over the heads of the birds, and
covering any ventilation holes with hardware cloth to prevent animals from entering the coop. Since chickens get nervous when they're exposed to
drafts, Pitesky advises listeners not to have the fan at bird's body level
"If their feathers shift as they roost, then they are in a draft. You are going to have to adjust the airflow, "he says
If ammonia sensors are installed by backyard keepers, they should be placed at bird's level. Since ammonia appears to come from decomposing manure in poultry houses and
congregates in low laying areas, the sensors should be 8 inches off the ground. Unless they are mounted at human height they won't be accurate
Managing litter
Maintenance of litters plays a vital role in holding the ammonia levels under control. Keeping clean and dry litter will prevent many of the injuries associated with prolonged
exposure to ammonia (for example, shock burns, breast lesions and footpad problems). Chicken litter is not like cat litter, according to Pitesky: keepers shouldn't have to cleanwaste on a regular basis, or change the litter too much
Ideally poultry houses have a dry litter layer of 8 to 10 inches. This helps birds to till the substratum when preening, and encourages a natural manure composting cycle.
When poultry litter is wet, ammonia builds up and has a high concentration of manure. Pitesky recommends removing any waterlogged litter, and ensuring that not too many birds till the same litter patch
Pitesky informs listeners they should be in a position to make a crumbly ball with the litter on the poultry house floor. If it's making a "snowball" then it's too wet and it's too dry if it falls apart entirely
Poultry keepers should avoid using the litter as straw or sand. This is not as absorbent as other fabrics, and can add to the coop dust. It's not convenient to have a dirt pad
either the birds can't till the ground, and the manure is too hard to break down
Litter treatments
A variety of items are on the market that will raise ammonia in poultry houses. These typically work by lowering the pH of the litter substratum, which in turn
reduces the amount of ammonia gas released by decaying manure
Pitesky advises poultrykeepers to ensure that their coops are adequately ventilated before using a product. We will also test the litter to make sure that the birds
till are both dry and full enough
While these products that delay ammonia release, they should not be seen as a silver bullet to treat all ammonia problems. Pitesky and Schneider also accept that good
husbandry methods are no alternative
It would be a better management technique to reduce litter, provide good ventilation and prevent excess moisture than to use a commodity. Ammonia must be
continually regulated and controlled there is no one solution and it must be done
References
https://thepoultrysite.com/articles/the-chicken-whisperer-tackling-ammonia-levels-in-backyard-flocks